Vincent: The Beast

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Vincent Wells, the "Beast" in Beauty and the Beast (TV) has been a subject of intense fan speculation and discussion about his motivations, his character, and his origins. Some of these fannish conversations were at odds with those of the character's original creators. [1]

Many fans saw him as the "perfect man" and a highly-romantic, and often sexual, creature. Many other fans focused on Vincent's beast qualities, specifically his feline attributes.

A fan in 2013 told another fan:

Vincent swishing his tale and lapping milk from a saucer on the ground...running through the tunnels chasing rats...the retractable penis...the barbed penis.... You've missed some really interesting takes on Vincent... [2]

Some Topics of Discussion

Is Vincent a beast with human qualities or a human with beast attributes?

Do fans like to see him beast-out?

Would a sexual relationship with Vincent be bestiality?

Is Vincent's appeal due to his feline qualities?

Is Vincent circumcised?

Does Vincent have a tail?

What if Vincent "turned into a man"?

Vincent: More Beast, or More Human?

Some animal terminology from Vincent's World #2, the artist is Angela: "Introducing Marie Caroline (Marca) & Jacob Devin (J.D.) Wells --- Sired by Vincent out of Catherine Chandler-Wells."

Comments from George R.R. Martin

From a 1992 interview:

[fan]: You mentioned in an interview that the idea of Vincent's dual nature, his beastial element, was touched on as early as [the episodes] "Terrible Savior" and "China Moon." With that kind of background already going through the story were you surprised at all by the resistance you received from the fans to the ideas being expanded in the trilogy? There seemed to have been a lot of objections like "He's not a beast, he's just a nice deformed man."

George R.R. Martin: Yes. To tell you the truth I am. I've always been astonished by the fans unwillingness to accept that he's a beast. You can make the argument that Ron Koslow doesn't know what he was talking about, but he is the creator of the show, and that was, like, Ron's premise, you know? Beauty and the Beast. She's beautiful and he's a beast. (laughs)

[...]

[fan]: I've always thought that that was the question he was asking. I mean, it's very easy for people to say 'Oh, we love and accept him because he's just a man whose got a few problems.' It's a whole other question about prejudice and what you really believe when you're looking at this, saying, "Now, he may not be a man at all." I think it makes the viewer question the very premise of judging someone on their appearance. Maybe that's what he had in mind.

George R.R. Martin: The thing you have to understand is that many of our fans come at this from a different direction than Koslow did. Koslow drew a lot of his inspiration from the Cocteau film, La Belle and La Bete, which in turn derives from the French fairy tale, the fable by Mademoiselle Beaumont. In those things, the beast is very clearly a beast. She wrote that this legend evolved, in a world in which they believed in a traditional religious system. There were angels and Gods, and then there were human beings, and below us there were the beasts of the field. There were these creatures. They didn't really have the concept that a modern science fiction fan does of alien species and things like that, right? A beast had bestial appetites. In the Cocteau film, the Beast doesn't eat with Beauty because he can't sit down and eat a little cutlet and drink some wine. He goes out and kills his prey and comes back with his hands smoking from the heat of the kill. This was considered a bestial kind of note. Now, science fiction... you know, all this occurred centuries ago. Not the Cocteau film, but the original sources on which it was based, from which it drew its inspiration and from which we in tum drew our inspiration.

Now in the last SO years, particularly the last 20 or 30 years, science fiction has become very much a part. And science fiction has the whole concept of intelligent, sentient beings from other planets or perhaps from deep within the earth who look differently from us but think the same. We've had new archetypes, which Mademoiselle Beaumont could never have conceived of. Creatures like Mr. Spock and other Star Trek people. The wookie [sic] in Star Wars, Chewbacca. Alien life forms have become part of our popular mythos. I think a lot of our fans come to this out of Star Trek fandom, Star Wars fandom... the organized fans, I'm talking about. And they saw Vincent, I think almost from the first as an alien. As someone who looked different, but was rational. This whole concept of bestial appetites and all that was not necessarily a part of him. But, it was certainly always a part of Koslow's conception because Koslow was not a Star Trek fan or not a science fiction fan in particular. He was drawing on the Cocteau thing and Cocteau had drawn on Mademoiselle Beaumont. And all notion of the beast there is that not only does he look funny, but there is a bestial side to his nature. There is a side in which he is a predator. Like a wolf would be, you know. Now, you can adopt a wolf puppy, but as a lot of people are learning, you know, it's a dangerous sport. It's still a wolf. It's not a dog. It can be a very nice wolf, it can be a very noble wolf, it can be a very beautiful wolf, but it's still a wolf, and Vincent was still a beast. He was as intelligent and noble as anyone I knew. That was the great mythic power of the character, the division within him. He wasn't just one thing. And he says this himself in some of the episodes, that when he's in his bestial mode and killing, part of him feeds on that darkness. [3]

Fan Comments

[1988]: He's the perfect man! And if I hear one more journalist describe him as "the deformed man/beast" I am going to scream! Where are your eyes? Vincent is the most gorgeous man I've ever seen! Wouldn't you just love to play with that hair? Wouldn't you just love to be the recipient of one of those sumptuous hugs? Wouldn't you love to hear that voice whispering your name? [4]

[1988]: The Vincent I know is well-read (beasts don't read, no matter how brilliant their adoptive fathers are -- but if they did read, I sincerely doubt that Shakespeare would be the choice; more like Jacqueline Susann or Harold Robbins). [5]

[1988] ANY BEAST THAT WAS AS READY FOR A MATE AS FERVENTLY AS VINCENT LOVES CATHERINE WOULD NOT WALK AWAY FROM HER WILLING EMBRACE TIME AND TIME AGAIN, OUT OF CONCERN FOR HER WELFARE BEFORE HIS OWN GRATIFICATION! When an animal wants to mate, there is no question but that it will be done. Yet over and over, our noble Vincent leaves Catherine wistful for his nearness and touch and returns to the tunnel world, physically unfulfilled and longing for the presence of his woman. [6]

[1988]:

With respect to Vincent and Catherine's intimacy, I don't think we're dealing with an ethical issue as much as we are a term. Vincent is called a beast but he is not: a) an inferior animal, as opposed to man, b) a four-footed animal, especially if wild, c) a person of brutal nature or dirty habits. Nor is a person a beast because he resembles something less than human. Burn victims, fetuses are as human as any other human. On the other hand, anyone wanting to tie the knot with the likes of Freddy Kruger, be my guest. But refer back to definition "c" first. As the saying goes, beauty is only skin deep, but ugly goes clean to the bone. So a stance against bestiality in the strict biblical sense simply is not relevant. There is no cut and dried right or wrong here. There are no rules or laws that apply, because Vincent is the only one.

And this story, we must keep in mind, is a fantasy. Make believe. In mythology, gods marry people, toads become princes. A reluctant vampire could fall in love in prime time without the censors going berserk; or a ghost or a mermaid or a fairy could, because we have no terms to condemn them. Even Star Trek's Captain Kirk, they say, was "married to his ship". So what would we accuse him of? Metallurgy? [7]

[1988]: I'm glad the producers finally wised up the romance, but why did it take them until the 19th episode for us to see Vincent and Catherine simply holding hands. This simple touching did not compromise the show and only made it better. Could the reason for this be the subject of "bestiality" and offending people that I heard about just a short time ago? Absurd! Ridiculous! Vincent is not a beast. He walks, talks, thinks, cries, and is totally unselfish. To hear CBS and the producers consider Vincent a beast is one thing, but at Space Trek V, Ron Perlman, when asked how much of Vincent is a man and how much is beast, stated that "Vincent is a beast... (pause)...with a lot of humanity." After everything Ron Perlman has said all these months about Vincent, about not judging on outward appearances, Vincent achieving self-actualization, etc., etc., I was floored that even he, of all those involved, considers Vincent a "beast", although I respect his right to his opinion. But I do hope all their thinking changes for next season. I wonder how Linda Hamilton feels about this?[8]

[1989]: A note about who, or what, Vincent is. We all have our own ideas. It appears that most of us would like to believe he is a compassionate human being with some beastly characteristics. At Space Trek, Ron Perlman stated the HE believes Vincent is "a beast with a lot of humanity." We, the audience, disagreed with that definition, loudly. Thinking about it later, I realized that if Ron changed his PERCEPTION of Vincent, that could change his PORTRAYAL of Vincent, however minutely. We could lose the Vincent we've all come to know and love. I guess what I'm saying is I've agreed to disagree with the man. You go ahead and believe what you like, Ron. As for the rest of us.... [9]

[1989]:

IS VINCENT REALLY A "BEAST?" Increasingly lately, I've been getting the uneasy feeling that the producers and writers of B&B have decided what Vincent is. (They just haven't let us in on it yet.)

I've recently read and heard comments from a few of the creators of this show that lead me to believe that not only do they think of Vincent as a "beast," they actually seem surprised that most of us don't share that perception.

At Space Trek V, I was somewhat shocked to hear even Ron Perlman answer a question about Vincent by saying, "Well, I don't know what the percentages are, but he's a beast...with a lot of humanity." I couldn't help wondering how someone who has a lot of humanity could, by any stretch of the imagination, be considered a "beast. " I was sorely tempted to ask him why he, of all people, would say that - especially since Vincent always refers to himself (if somewhat obliquely) as a "man." In fact, Vincent seems quite anguished when anyone implies that he's something other than human. (It pains me to so frequently disagree with the person who's most responsible for shaping Vincent into every red-blooded female's perfect fantasy, but then Ron doesn't think of himself as a sex symbol either.) [10]

[1990]: Another issue we've been discussing is "to Beast or not to Beast": How bestial is Vincent, etc., etc. One of the interesting aspects of this discussion is how MUCH do we want Vincent to be a beast? Let me resurrect the hypothetical "ruler" again. Some readers like the idea that Vincent is about as bestial as can be; they like to see him "beast-out." That's one end of the scale. Others have expressed a clear and definite preference that Vincent is truly 100% human -- he just "looks funny." I've heard both these views expressed from friends and in letterzines. We all tend to color what we see with our own preferences and background. I, personally, have always seen Vincent as "not-quite-human" -- but I've never preferred him in his "beasting-out" mode. As a longtime reader of science fiction and fantasy, it's no big deal to me if Vincent isn't entirely human; that's not an issue, even in terms of a possible physical romance with Catherine. For me, he's attractive in his "difference," and it would be disappointing to find that he's a completely human guy who just "looks funny." [11]

[1990]: One of my favorite quotes — written by a woman in the letters section of the TV GUIDE, and I can't remember her name—was: "Women are attracted to Vincent for the same reason they were attracted to Spock — they are both aliens in the white male world, as women are." [12]

[1991]:

Whenever the producers, or the media, explain the premise of B&TB, Vincent is always referred to as "half-man, half-beast." I cannot begin to tell you how much this upsets me. B&TB fans, most of the ones I've talked to about this seem to understand that, in some unexpected way, Vincent is all human; my concern is how this is perceived by people who have never seen the show. The promo for TLBL (may it sink into the sea) is an example of what I mean. First, the plot synopsis says the usual half-man, half-beast stuff; then further down you read about them realizing their love and having a baby.

Most people would be horrified at the thought of lovemaking between a human and a being who is half-animal. So they put the video back, and that's a potential fan lost. (I don't know if the other two commercial videos call V. half-beast, but I hope not.) Or people who might read a media article on the show can't get past it, either. I've had people say this to me, flat out.

I decided right away that Vincent is all human , maybe the last of a prehistoric group who kept the physical appearance of those times, but with superior intelligence, and nobility of character. As Vincent's nobility is emphasized by this, so too is his dark side. I could never accept lovemaking between V. and C. unless V. is human. I think it was a serious mistake on the part of the show's creators to ever imply that Vincent is not all human. Bestiality is perversion; it's easy to say "I don't care what Vincent is," but I think the half-beast idea had as much to do with losing the show as the ratings, or anything else. If Vincent was an "alien humanoid," or whatever, I'd accept that, but half-lion — no way. As George Martin said in Starlog, "Vincent is not a dog." Catherine says he's human; I'm with her. [13]

[1991]:

Whenever the producers, or the media, explain the premise of B&TB, Vincent is always referred to as "half-man, half-beast." I cannot begin to tell you how much this upsets me. B&TB fans, most of the ones I've talked to about this seem to understand that, in some unexpected way, Vincent is all human; my concern is how this is perceived by people who have never seen the show. The promo for TLBL (may it sink into the sea) is an example of what I mean. First, the plot synopsis says the usual half-man, half-beast stuff; then further down you read about them realizing their love and having a baby.

Most people would be horrified at the thought of lovemaking between a human and a being who is half-animal. So they put the video back, and that's a potential fan lost. (I don't know if the other two commercial videos call V. half-beast, but I hope not.) Or people who might read a media article on the show can't get past it, either. I've had people say this to me, flat out.

I decided right away that Vincent is all human , maybe the last of a prehistoric group who kept the physical appearance of those times, but with superior intelligence, and nobility of character. As Vincent's nobility is emphasized by this, so too is his dark side. I could never accept lovemaking between V. and C. unless V. is human. I think it was a serious mistake on the part of the show's creators to ever imply that Vincent is not all human. Bestiality is perversion; it's easy to say "I don't care what Vincent is," but I think the half-beast idea had as much to do with losing the show as the ratings, or anything else. If Vincent was an "alien humanoid," or whatever, I'd accept that, but half-lion — no way. As George Martin said in Starlog, "Vincent is not a dog." Catherine says he's human; I'm with her. [14]

[1991]: I'm told [The Family Channel which was re-airing Beauty and the Beast] afraid of bestiality. Well, on their commercials they show a man kissing a horse (The Black Stallion) and a boy kissing a dog (Rin Tin Tin). Now why isn't that bestiality? [15]

[1991]: Vincent also needed to be defined, once and for all as something other than a man/beast. That would have helped Vincent with his personal doubts and given Catherine's uncertainties a rest. For myself, I never saw Vincent as anything but human, even in his rages. I thought of Vincent as a throwback to an ancient Scandinavian berserker warrior, capable of working himself into a fury in order to kill, but suffering afterwards for it. (I would like to know why the writers insisted on putting Vincent in situations where, in order to save Catherine, he had to kill someone. I know that I wanted to see Vincent in more situations where he could use his intelligence to rescue Catherine or others that he loved.) Human beings are, after all, capable of some fantastic things — good as well as bad—including empathy, kindness, and creativity. I think we're always underestimating ourselves. So why not call Vincent human? But I do wish the writers had simplified things. They could have made Vincent an alien, if they didn't want to make him human. People seem to have fewer hang-ups about aliens than they do about animals. Certainly, a love affair with an alien should have caused less trouble with the censors. [16]

[1991]: Whether Vincent is man, beast or something in-between? I think it was Mark Twain who said that man is set apart from beasts because he is the only animal who can feel embarrassment. Vincent definitely fits into that category. I agree with you that Vincent is not a beast — not half-lion or whatever — maybe an alien, but I think that mostly he is a magical/ mythical being (remember what Kristopher says about him — "What storybook did he walk out of?").... His origins have no explanation; at least, not an earthly one. Perhaps he was "sent" (please don't ask by whom — I don't know) to ensure the success of the Tunnel world sanctuary, to help guide Mouse, to inspire Father, to help Catherine realize her potential... look at "Remember Love," and how their world would have been, if he had not existed. Saying that Vincent is half-lion is too simplistic. If Vincent is not human, it's because he's more than human, not less. [17]

[1991]:

If I saw someone like Vincent walking around in real life (Oooh, what a thought!), I would unhesitatingly conclude that he was a n alien from another planet. He could not possibly be the result of natural mutation, which is totally random and — 99.9% of the time — fatal or disabling to the organism. Vincent's differences are too numerous, coherent and complementary to be the result of one miraculously lucky genetic change. His genetic differences from standard Homo sapiens have to be just as numerous, coherent and complementary.

Now, if he is from another planet, sadly, Catherine and he could never have children, and little Jacob would have to be part of a fever dream. Catherine would have more in common, genetically, with an elm tree than someone who is the result of another planet's evolution. Dolphins and fish may look much alike because they fill a similar environmental niche, but they are light years apart biologically, and they come from the same planet I've always assumed that Amanda Grayson and Sarek of Vulcan made use of a very advanced genetic laboratory in the engendering of Spock. But their technology is 300 years ahead of ours. [18]

[2002]: The first major betrayal of the Beauty and the Beast concept was not, however, the death of Catherine. It was those increasingly frequent allusions to some ‘animalistic’ part of Vincent. I was uncomfortable when Father declared to Catherine that ‘part’ of Vincent was a man, but I thought perhaps he had a hidden reason for misleading her. After all, he was far from overjoyed with their relationship. But when Vincent asked Father, ‘Am I a man?’ there was only one conceivable response, ‘Of course you are.’ I could not accept the destruction of Vincent’s self-image by the man who loved and raised him. It wasn’t honesty; it was cruelty. That just wasn’t part of the character, and it didn’t fit. Intimations of bestiality were divergent from the whole ethos of the series, particularly in the light of the relationship between Vincent and Catherine. They were contrary to Jacob Wells’ scientific education. He would accept that hybrids occur within a species, but surely not between species? Jacob Wells knew there was no element of anything other than human in Vincent, so why that devastating inference? [19]

The Bestiality Topic

from On the Edge #1 (1993), the artist is Nola Frame-Gray
[1988]: If bestiality is the issue, then Catherine has already overstepped the bounds. She is in love with Vincent, she has wished she could marry him (in "China Moon"), she dreamt of kissing him, and she prefers him above all others. If we were going to be offended, surely we would have been by now. [20]

[1988]: I'm glad the producers finally wised up the romance, but why did it take them until the 19th episode for us to see Vincent and Catherine simply holding hands. This simple touching did not compromise the show and only made it better. Could the reason for this be the subject of "bestiality" and offending people that I heard about just a short time ago? Absurd! Ridiculous! Vincent is not a beast. He walks, talks, thinks, cries, and is totally unselfish. To hear CBS and the producers consider Vincent a beast is one thing, but at Space Trek V, Ron Perlman, when asked how much of Vincent is a man and how much is beast, stated that "Vincent is a beast... (pause)... with a lot of humanity." After everything Ron Perlman has said all these months about Vincent, about not judging on outward appearances, Vincent achieving self-actualization, etc., etc., I was floored that even he, of all those involved, considers Vincent a "beast", although I respect his right to his opinion. But I do hope all their thinking changes for next season. [21]

[1989]:

IS VINCENT REALLY A "BEAST?" Increasingly lately, I've been getting the uneasy feeling that the producers and writers of B&B have decided what Vincent is. (They just haven't let us in on it yet.)

I've recently read and heard comments from a few of the creators of this show that lead me to believe that not only do they think of Vincent as a "beast," they actually seem surprised that most of us don't share that perception.

At Space Trek V, I was somewhat shocked to hear even Ron Perlman answer a question about Vincent by saying, "Well, I don't know what the percentages are, but he's a beast...with a lot of humanity." I couldn't help wondering how someone who has a lot of humanity could, by any stretch of the imagination, be considered a "beast. " I was sorely tempted to ask him why he, of all people, would say that - especially since Vincent always refers to himself (if somewhat obliquely) as a "man." In fact, Vincent seems quite anguished when anyone implies that he's something other than human. (It pains me to so frequently disagree with the person who's most responsible for shaping Vincent into every red-blooded female's perfect fantasy, but then Ron doesn't think of himself as a sex symbol either.) [22]

[1989]: I think we all know what Vincent really is; he's 100% wonderful and maybe that's all we need to know. It's way past time to put this whole "beastiality" [sic] question to rest, and start concentrating on the other, more pertinent problems facing these two people. I'm eagerly anticipating many more rip-roaring discussions. [23]

[1989]: If anyone ever suggests that a woman has had intimate relations with an animal on B&B, the series will be cancelled, and buried, so fast, no one will know what hit them. So, personally, I think establishing who and what Vincent is, and where he came from, is very important, indeed. [24]

[1990]:

I'm one of those fans who firmly believe that they should have showed Catherine and Vincent realizing the full potential of their relationship. In a tasteful madder of course. I don't care what anyone says about Vincent's origins. No normal, red-blooded woman would be able to keep her hands off that gorgeous hunk for over two years.

[...]

My stories are like they are because I firmly believe that "SOMETHING THAT HAS NEVER BEEN," should be. And because whether he realizes it or not, Ron Perlman has created what I think is one of the sexiest characters to ever grace television. Vincent is loving proof (fantasy proof?) that beauty is indeed in the eye of the beholder. I agree wholeheartedly with another fan who once wrote, "I'd kiss that furry little face in a minute."[25]

The Term: "Beasting Out"

See more at Beast-Out.

They can't improve it, and I think what they're going to do is try to "broaden the audience" by going back to a sort of INCREDIBLE BEAST type of thing, with Vincent "beasting out" three times an episode... [26]

Vincent's Penis

Retractable?

Love Bade Me Welcome is a novel by P.S. Nim. It is fondly referred to by some fans as "the zine with the retractable willie" referencing the fact that in the story Vincent, like some cats, has a retractable penis.

Circumcised?

Almost all fanworks portray Vincent Wells as circumcised.

A fan described Vincent describing his penis:

Continuing his self-scrutiny, Vincent looked downward, to the inner curve of his thighs, and then lower still. Here, the hair was denser, deeper in texture and tone... a pliable thicket

surrounding his primary male organs. His phallus lay gently curled against the inner crease of his left thigh. its puckered circumcised tip a delicious shade of mauve which seemed to rise almost proudly from its nest of spiraling curls. [27]

From a discussion in Lionheart #3 in August 1992 (Note: the editor of "Lionheart" and "Thighs and Whispers" are the same person, Beth Blighton):

I wish to pose a question. A good friend and I were discussing the fanzine "Thighs and Whispers," when out of the blue she expressed her surprise that Vincent was depicted as being circumcised. Well, since that thought had never, ever crossed my mind.... we suddenly realized from where we were drawing our expertise and in that moment knew more about each other's husbands (and perhaps the artist's husband), than we cared to know. But think about it. Surely, Father wouldn't have circumcised the sickly baby Vincent, when he was first brought below. Then when he was well enough, since Vincent was different, would Father have risked an unnecessary operation? And as Vincent matured it doesn't look like he allowed anyone to cut his hair never mind his _______!

The Editor of "Thighs and Whispers" has asked us to pass along this brief answer to your serious inquiry: "Wouldn't such a procedure definitely be a sort of confirmation of his humanity? After all, who would try to circumcise an animal? (And is it even possible?) Also, being born after World War II, Vincent could have easily fallen into the "standard practice" category. Or a more probable reason yet - at the artist's tender age, she's never been exposed to anything that was not of the "clean-cut" variety. So sue her, she's young! And while we could provide you with a virtual plethora of meaningful reasons ranging from the religious to the health conscious to those were the only photo refs that were around that day, the real bottom line is this - As long as Ron Perlman is playing this part, Vincent is circumcised. We feel fairly certain that this is the one make-up job he would not sit still for. Imagine.... "Margaret, quickly, bring the Scotch Tape... !"

Does Vincent Have a Tail?

For more, see The Great Tail Debate.

Much of the debate regarding whether or not Vincent Wells had a tail originated with the 1990 story series: Intertwined.

Two remarks regarding the tail:

I admit to having a problem with the tail, but I just don't dwell on that part! [28]

I must admit I wasn't too crazy about the tail, but as Ron Koslow himself said at VQT, - he is a beast.- I think you showed that Catherine is willing to accept him exactly how he is, all of him.[29]

To me, Vincent is half man, half beast. That to me is fascinating. I like it when he beasts out, showing the animal in him. And that fact you have him a tail makes him even more animal and so more fascinating. [30]

See Intertwined for many more comments.

The Feline Vincent

Ron Perlman, Vincent Wells, and a lion, the artist is Judy Ley, from Pipedreams v.2 n.5/6, also in Definitions of Love #2
art by Leah Rosenthal, printed in Starlog #154 (June 1990)

I'm curious as to just how many cat qualities he has. I've noticed a number of mannerisms that come straight off the average Quat [31] --just take a look at the way he ends up laying the cage in "Nor Iron Bars" and tell me Ron wasn't out studying sleeping felines first. He can growl and roar rather well, does he purr? When they bake bread Underground, do they have to pry him off the dough because he sits there kneading it with his eyes squinched half-shut and an ecstatic smirk on his face? Do I have a sick mind, or what? is his tongue raspy? Wouldn't I like to find out? It's getting stuffy in here again.

[...]

And on that note, I think it's time for me to call this a wrap and go kiss my cat Remo goodnight (I think oh it as practice -- I live in hope...)[32]

I received your new story yesterday and immediately sat down and read it ... I cringed a little at the descriptions of Vincent's feline behavior, but I think it's very plausible as how Vincent's beastial behavior would manifest itself. It draws intense emotion from the reader which is the best thing about a good story. [33]

Imagining Vincent as a Man

References

  1. ^ One example were George R.R. Martin's comments at conventions. Also see fans' many comments in letterzines.
  2. ^ from the BBTV Tunnels Yahoo Mailing List (Dec 18, 2013)
  3. ^ from Lionheart Exclusive Interview: George R.R. Martin
  4. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #1 (1988)
  5. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #3 (1988)
  6. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #3 (1988)
  7. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #6 (1988)
  8. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #6 (1988)
  9. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #10 (1989)
  10. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #8
  11. ^ from "Tunneltalk" (December 1990)
  12. ^ from Tunneltalk (July 1990)
  13. ^ from Tunneltalk (January 1991)
  14. ^ from Tunneltalk (January 1991)
  15. ^ from "Tunneltalk" (February 1991)
  16. ^ from "Tunneltalk" (March 1991)
  17. ^ from "Tunneltalk" (March 1991)
  18. ^ from "Tunneltalk" (June/July 1991)
  19. ^ from the introduction to All's Wells
  20. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #6 (1988)
  21. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #6 (1988)
  22. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #8 (1989)
  23. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #8 (1989)
  24. ^ from Passages #13/14 (May 1989)
  25. ^ from Something That Has Never Been #1
  26. ^ from Passages #18 (August 1989)
  27. ^ from Passion #2 (1996)
  28. ^ from Intertwined #4 (1990)
  29. ^ from Intertwined #4 (1990)
  30. ^ from Intertwined #4 (1990)
  31. ^ This may be a typo in the original letter, and this fan may have meant "cat."
  32. ^ from Once Upon a Time...Is Now #1 (1988)
  33. ^ from Intertwined #4 (1990)